Background and Purpose: In recent decades, there has been a concerning increase in the prevalence and diversity of substance use problems in all countries of the world. Emphasizing the importance of prevention, this study aims to identify factors that increase vulnerability to ADDICTION and to model the causal relationship of adolescent vulnerability to ADDICTION based on affective-emotional temperaments, considering the mediating role of sensitivity to rejection. Method: This study employed a descriptive–correlational design using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The statistical population included all all secondary school students (10th, 11th, and 12th grades with an age range of 16-19 years) studying in Osku city in the 2023-2024 academic year. Therefore, 465 individuals were selected using a multi-stage cluster sampling method and responded to the Identifying People in Risk of ADDICTION Questionnaire (I.P.R.A.) by Anisi (2013), Affective and Emotional Temperament Scale (AFECT; Lara et al. 2012), and the Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire (RSQ; Downey and Feldman, 1996). Data analysis was performed using Pearson correlation methods and structural equation modeling with SPSS-23 and SmartPLS-3. Results: Structural equation modeling results revealed that emotional temperament (R = 0.283, p = 0.000), affective temperament (R = 0.267, p = 0.000), and rejection sensitivity (R = 0.377, p = 0.000) have a positive and significant relationship with vulnerability to ADDICTION. Moreover, the results indicated that emotional temperament (β = 0.267, p ≤ 0.01), affective temperament (β = 0.283, p ≤ 0.001), and rejection sensitivity (β = 0.657, p ≤ 0.01) had significant direct positive effects on ADDICTION vulnerability. Emotional temperament also indirectly influenced ADDICTION vulnerability through rejection sensitivity (β = 0.113, p ≤ 0.01) and emotional temperament has an indirect effect on vulnerability to ADDICTION through rejection sensitivity (P ≥0.01; ß=0.515). In conclusion, the results showed that the proposed model has a goodness-of-fit indices. Conclusion: The results of this research have important implications for using the proposed model to identify adolescents at risk of ADDICTION. It can be utilized to design preventive interventions aimed at reducing vulnerability to ADDICTION among students.

Background & objectives: ADDICTION is one of the most important social deviations that is a basis for many social issues and disorders in the society. The aim of this study was to survey the relationship between attachment style and impulsivity with TENDENCY to ADDICTION.Methods: The study was a descriptive-correlational research and was performed on students of Mohaghegh Ardabili University who were studying in the academic year 2014-2015. A sample of 240 persons was selected by the cluster sampling method. The questionnaires including ADDICTION Potential Scale (IAPS), Attachment style, and Impulsivity questionnaire were used for data gathering. Correlation test and regression analysis were used to data analysis by SPSS-18.Results: Findings indicated that secure attachment (r=-0.44), ambivalent attachment (r=0.27), disorganization (r=0.25), motor impulsivity (r=0.44), and cognitive impulsivity (r=0.43) are correlated with TENDENCY to ADDICTION. Results of regression analysis showed attachment and impulsivity can explain 20% of the variance of TENDENCY to ADDICTION.Conclusions: According to the findings, proper planning and implementation of training courses for the families can provide appropriate background for the creation of secure attachment in children. In addition, impulsivity can be controlled through applying workshops in the fields of life skills, problem solving, and decision-making.

Aims ADDICTION is a physical, psychological, and social illness, where shocking behavior that has destructive consequences, repeats constantly. ADDICTION is one of the problems of human societies and combat this problem always many losses a lot of energy and money. Jealousy is an unpleasant feeling and inclusive. The nature and the core of jealousy is wishing and trying to lose favor others. Jealousy is one of the emotions that disrupt the normal functioning of a person’ s life are sometimes endanger her physical and mental health and it is almost important. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the effect of jealousy on the causes of TENDENCY toward ADDICTION. Instruments & Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 male addicts referring to ADDICTION treatment centers in Mashhad were selected using random sampling. The instrument was the jealousy and the TENDENCY to an ADDICTION questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS 20 software and ANOVA, Pearson and Spearman correlation analysis. Findings The results depicted that the mean age was 32. 3± 8. 5 years and the mean duration of ADDICTION was 10. 42± 6. 8 years. Also, the average scores of them were jealous of 102± 21. 5 and the average score TENDENCY to ADDICTION was 40. 3± 7. 6. Spearman correlation tests indicated that there was a significant correlation between the TENDENCY to ADDICTION and jealousy (p<0. 001). Conclusion The results suggest that jealousy can predict some ADDICTION tendencies. Therefore, in order to reduce people’ s desire for ADDICTION, it is recommended to implement religious, cultural, and educational programs.

Purpose: Despite the fact that in recent years, the prevalence of ADDICTION in Iranian society has risen, but not everyone involved in this phenomenon. It seems that some environmental, behavioral, personality and cognitive readiness share vulnerability to ADDICTION. This study in the line of cognitive readiness investigation, has comparing cognitive inhibition and planning in a group of addicted, on medicated addicted, two groups of adolescences with high and low TENDENCY to ADDICTION, and healthy individuals. Method: To this, 179 persons were asked to perform Stroop and Tower of London tasks. Results: The results of MANCOVA in cognitive inhibition showed that there was no significant difference between healthy, low and high TENDENCY groups. The addicted and on medicated groups performed weaker, and the addicted group were the worst. The results also showed in cognitive planning the worst performance was related to addicted group, and in the second place performance of on medicated group was significantly better than addicted and worse than the other groups. The high, low TENDENCY and normal groups performed better from low to high degree, respectively. Conclusion: In sum, the results indicated that there were significant differences among addicted, on medicated addicted, two groups of adolescences with high and low TENDENCY to ADDICTION, and healthy individuals.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the individual, demographic, psychological, social, cultural, economic, and geographical factors affecting the TENDENCY to use substances in individuals with substance dependence in Ardabil. Method: This research was a descriptive cross-sectional design. The statistical population of this study included all male and female substance abusers referred to public or private ADDICTION treatment centers in Ardabil province in the first half of 2018. For this purpose, 250 people were selected by convinence sampling method. Researcher-made questionnaires were used to collect data. The descriptive statistics method was also used to achieve the research objectives. Results: Findings showed that individual factors (level of primary education of substance-dependent individuals and their friends, unemployment and having labor jobs, suggestion of substance use by colleagues in the workplace, starting to use by opium), family factors (rejection of the individual in family disputes, substance use to escape family problems, substance use after love failure, history of ADDICTION among family members and improper family functioning), psychological factors (substance use for pleasure and enjoyment, substance use for curiosity, TENDENCY to highly aggressive behaviors, inability and weakness in assertiveness and high stress in lifestyle), cultural factors (lack of membership and activity in religious groups, less adherence to religious lifestyle, ignorance of the effects and side effects of substances, socializing with bad friends, breaking the ugliness of substance use in society, advertising and negative function of the media and high use of satellite), social factors (lack of membership and activity in social groups and feeling of social deprivation), economic factors (unemployment and poor economic status, feeling of economic deprivation and poverty) and geographical factors (marginalization and high incidence of crime and ADDICTION in the individualchr('39')s residence) contributed to the TENDENCY to ADDICTION in individuals with substance dependence. Conclusion: According to the above results, it is necessary for officials and specialists to pay more attention to these local causes and more planning in the field of prevention.

ADDICTION is one of the most vulnerable social issues that threatens the community, especially the younger generation in earnest. So today, substance abuse and ADDICTION has become a major concern for human being.According to the most widespread problems of ADDICTION and the high cost of the fight against drugs, It seems the prevention ofdrug abuse is a very cost-effective and efficient. In recent years, numerous studies have been carried out in Iran in the etiology and prevention of drug use. In order to improve planning for future research activities, assessment and classification of scientific results in the past decade is essential. In this review we have tried to collect psychological factors associated with ADDICTION that has been achieved in the last 20 years in research of Iran. This study gives insight to professionals and therapists to identify the threat and risk of ADDICTION factors and, if necessary, proposes appropriate interventions.

Field and Aims: Considering the effective role of the family institution in relation to other social institutions in preventive measures and the bilateral relationship between this institution and drug ADDICTION and their effects on each other,On the one hand, ADDICTION leads the family to stagnation and decline, and on the other hand, it is a phenomenon that is partly rooted in family social issues. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify and prioritize home-based prevention factors of children 's TENDENCY to ADDICTION. Method: The present study is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of nature is exploratory research and in terms of data collection method is quantitative-qualitative Q-type. Participants in this study were 40 specialists such as university professors in the fields of sociology and psychology, judges, family counselors, law enforcement officers, social emergency experts and members of the Anti-Narcotics Coordination Council who were purposefully selected. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire which was measured by content validity method and retest method was used for reliability. In order to analyze the data from the nonparametric test,W. Kendall was used. Findings: The results showed that the first effective family component in relation to ADDICTION prevention is the knowledge-enhancing factor of life skills, especially problem-solving skills with an average of 14. 69. The factor of increasing mental health (self-esteem, peace of mind, self-efficacy, relief from stress) with an average of 12. 94 and the factor of spirituality and attitude and practical adherence to religious values with an average of 11. 81 were ranked second and third, respectively. Conclusions: Considering that home-based prevention has an effective role in reducing children's TENDENCY to use drugs and psychotropic substances. Accordingly, in order to have growing, healthy and balanced families and, of course, a healthy society, it is necessary to pay special attention to the preventive components of the home.

Introduction: ADDICTION as a destructive scourge of human society threatens severely the adolescent and young groups. Therefore this study was done aimed to evaluation the effectiveness of group gestalt therapy on amount of TENDENCY to ADDICTION. Methods: Design of this study was Clinical Trial type as pretest-posttest with control group. Statistical population consisted of all student of Islamic Azad University Medical Branch of Tehran in 2017. The sample were all 36 people of from students who were selected through simple random sampling and were divided randomly into two groups-under training and control. For collection data was used from Iranian ADDICTION Potential Scale (IAPS). Data analyzing was conducted with multivariate analysis of variance and SPSS-22. Results: The results showed that there was no significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the pre-test of TENDENCY to ADDICTION (F= 0. 122, P > 0. 05), but there was a significant difference in post-test (F= 6. 15, P < 0. 05) and follow-up (F= 4. 29, P < 0. 05) which indicates the effectiveness of group gestalt therapy. Conclusions: According to the findings this study, can suggested group gestalt therapy as an effective way to reduce student ADDICTION and first-line prevention.

Background: Given the high prevalence of ADDICTION, it is essential efforts to identify the risk factors for this problem in different populations. Therefore, the present study aimed to predict the TENDENCY of ADDICTION based on the amount of alexithymia and assertiveness in nursing students. Materials and Methods: The research design was correlational. The sample consisted of 160 nursing students of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences and Kermanshah Azad University who were studying in the academic year of 2018-19 and were selected by cluster sampling. Data were collected using Weed and Butcher ADDICTION potential scale, Toronto alexithymia scale, and Gambrill and Richey assertiveness questionnaire. Pearson correlation and multivariate regression analysis were used to analyze the data. Data were analyzed by SPSS-24 software. Results: The results of Pearson correlation coefficient showed that there is a positive significant relationship between alexithymia and with nursing students' TENDENCY to ADDICTION and there is a negative significant relationship between assertiveness and their TENDENCY to ADDICTION (P<0. 01). The results of multivariate regression analysis also revealed that 23% of the variance in active ADDICTION preparation is explained by alexithymia and assertiveness (R2= 0. 230). Also, 67. 7% of the variance of passive ADDICTION preparation is explained by alexithymia and assertiveness (R2= 0/67/7). Conclusion: According to the results of the study, it seems that two components of alexithymia and assertiveness with ADDICTION preparation are related to ADDICTION and cause nursing students to tend to ADDICTION and need the attention of the educational system to reduce emotional arousal and improve assertiveness through holding workshops.